Slide 1
We are talking about cancer in this presentation. Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and spread in a way that isn’t normal. It can start anywhere in the body and come in many forms. The most common types are breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate.
Introduction
Definition and Types
- Abnormal growth and spread of cells (Hanahan, 2022).
- Common types: breast, lung, colorectal, prostate (Hanahan, 2022).
- Global Prevalence and Statistics
- 20 million new cases, 10 million deaths annually (Pan American Health Organization, 2023).
- Predicted rise to 30 million new cases by 2040 ((Pan American Health Organization, 2023).
- Future Outlook and Public Health Impact
- 60% increase in cancer burden next two decades (Pramesh et al., 2022).
- Greater impact in low- and middle-income countries (Pramesh et al., 2022).
We are seeing shocking numbers around the world. It is estimated that 20 million new cases of cancer and 10 million deaths occur each year. But what is even scarier is that these numbers are expected to go up. The number of people with cancer is expected to rise by about 60% over the next 20 years. We expect about 30 million new cases of cancer each year by 2040. This big rise will mostly hurt low- and middle-income countries, putting more stress on their communities and health systems.
The fact that this burden is growing shows how important cancer is as a public health issue. It shows how important strong healthcare systems, effective ways to stop diseases, and easy access to treatment are all around the world. Our main goal should be to lessen the effects of cancer around the world, especially in places where it is expected to spread the fastest.
Slide 2
Global Impact of Cancer
Economic Impact
- Estimated global cost: $25.2 trillion (2020-2050) (Chen et al., 2023).
- Equivalent to a 0.55% annual tax on global GDP (Chen et al., 2023).
Social Impact
- Profound effects on families and communities (Pilleron et al., 2021).
- Disparities in healthcare access and outcomes (Kronenfeld et al., 2021).
From an economic point of view, cancer has a huge effect. According to a study in JAMA Oncology, cancer will cost the world economy about $25.2 trillion from 2020 to 2050. This amount is the same as a 0.55 percent annual tax on the world’s GDP. It shows how much money is spent on cancer treatment and how much work is lost because of the disease. Not all countries are carrying the same amount of this economic weight. China and the US are carrying the most of it.
Cancer has huge social effects on families and communities. In the long run, it can cause problems with your emotions, money, and relationships. There is also great disparity in who receives health care and how effective it is, especially in low- and middle-income countries that offer numerous cancer patients but do not have as much capacity in addressing the social and economic impacts.
In conclusion, cancer has numerous effects that are felt by people throughout the world. We must address the problem from various angles like— using effective public health measures, ensuring fair access to health care, and providing aid to people and communities that are hit by this issue.
Slide 3
Cancer and Globalization
Influence on Cancer Prevalence
- Increased global travel and trade influencing lifestyle and environmental factors (Martinez Tyson et al., 2021).
- Rise in prevalence of cancers linked to westernized lifestyles (Martinez Tyson et al., 2021).
Spread of Cancer Risk Factors
- Globalization contributing to spread of tobacco use (Sorrentino et al., 2022).
- Dietary changes towards high-calorie, low-nutrient foods (Sorrentino et al., 2022).
There has been a lot of change in the number of people getting cancer due to globalisation. More people are travelling and trading across the world where there has been significant influence in lifestyle and environmental factors responsible for cancer. More and more people worldwide are developing cancers that are associated with a westernised lifestyle – so-called lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and lack of physical activity.
One notable outcome of globalisation is the dissemination of things that are dangerous to causes cancer. In particular, smoking has gone across the globe, which is one of the biggest contributors to cancer. Now more and more tobacco products are sold and advertised throughout the world, and therefore more cases of smoking-related cancers. Also, globalisation has brought about changes in diet that is high in calories and low in nutrients. These diets are associated with various types of cancer.
Therefore, globalisation has made our world more intertwined thus the high number of people that develop cancer worldwide. These are the factors that should be considered and addressed in the fight against cancer. Hence, global strategies that consider these changing dynamics are so important.
Slide 4
Social Determinants of Health in Cancer
Overview of Social Determinants
- Factors: Education, income, environment (Alcaraz et al., 2020).
- Influence overall well-being and health outcomes (Kurani et al., 2020).
Influence on Cancer Risk and Outcomes
- Health disparities influenced by social and environmental conditions (Kurani et al., 2020).
- Varied access to healthcare and cancer screening (Kronenfeld et al., 2021).
Disparities Across Socio-economic Groups
- Higher cancer rates and lower survival in underserved communities (Alcaraz et al., 2020).
- Need for comprehensive public health strategies (Pilleron et al., 2021).
In this slide, we consider the social factors impacting health in cancer. There are a lot of different things, like education, income, and the places where people live, work, and play, that are determinants. They play a huge role in health and overall well-being, including the risk of, and survival from cancer.
The effect that these factors can have on the health disparities is one of the most important things to know about them. These differences are based on things out there in society and the environment like having good health care with cancer screenings. For instance, neglected communities have higher levels of cancer and lower survival rates majorly because they cannot access preventive care or early diagnosis easy enough.
Since cancer outcomes depend on different priorities and possibilities of various socioeconomic groups, public health strategies should therefore pursue a more comprehensive approach to the issue. It is not enough to simply invest in medical treatments, we also need to change social and environmental factors that affect health. Being aware of these social factors and talking about them, one could take significant steps towards better cancer care and better implementation for everyone but especially for people in more underserved communities.
This broad perspective on health that includes both medical outcomes and social well-being fits into the World Health Organization’s definition of health. It demonstrates that health disparities are complicated and need to be addressed on several levels including national, state, local, community, or even individual level.
Slide 5
Structural Factors Influencing Cancer
Economic Factors
- Access to healthcare varies significantly, influencing cancer outcomes (Elshahat et al., 2021).
- The high cost of treatment leads to financial burdens for patients (Pramesh et al., 2022).
Political Factors
- Health policies and funding for cancer research impact prevention and treatment (Koo et al., 2021).
- Disparities in policy implementation affect cancer care (Koo et al., 2021).
Environmental Factors
- Exposure to carcinogens in the environment contributes to cancer risk (Elshahat et al., 2021).
- Socioeconomic status often dictates exposure levels (Kurani et al., 2020).
Some variations occur in the access to healthcare, which plays a direct role in how well people with cancer do. Cancer patients often spend a lot of their earnings on treatment and it can severely affect their health and their ability to keep their jobs. Studies show that medical debt related to cancer is a big problem especially for poor people.
Politically, health policies related to the allocation of money that goes into cancer research are also very important. These things affect the availability and quality of services offered in cancer prevention, diagnosis and cure. The manner of implementing these policies, however, is quite variable and leads to unequal access to cancer care. Environmental factors are also important. An exposure to carcinogens results in cancer risks and more so when an individual is at work, or during the air or water pollution. Socioeconomic status often determines the level of exposure to these carcinogens, with marginalized groups frequently having much more exposure.
As such, identifying these structural factors is useful when trying to identify the disparities in cancer outcomes. It requires economic, political, and environmental actions.
Slide 6
Theoretical Perspective: Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism Theory Overview
- Focus on privatization, market competition, reduced public expenditure (Knafo, 2020).
- Emphasis on individual success over collective welfare (Knafo, 2020).
Application to Cancer as a Global Health Issue
- Neoliberal policies impacting healthcare access and quality (Crenitte et al., 2022).
- Influence on disparities in cancer care and outcomes (Kurani et al., 2020).
Implications and Examples
- Increased economic inequality affecting health rights (Pilleron et al., 2021).
- Market-driven healthcare systems leading to uneven cancer treatment accessibility (Pan American Health Organization, 2023).
Neoliberalism began in the 1970s as the world’s leading economic and political philosophy. This is the slide where I speak about its effect on cancer as a global health problem. Neoliberalism promotes competition in the market, privatisation, and lower government spending on social services. It has severely affected health systems around the world and more often than not, it is bad.
Access and quality of cancer care vary due to neoliberal policies. We’ve created market-oriented health systems that are too expensive for most poor people, making cancer care and outcomes even more unjust. In the US, where healthcare is private and competitive, cancer patients are treated differently by income.
Given its health impact, neoliberalism is a global issue. It has made the economy less equitable, affecting health. Market-based healthcare makes it hard for some groups to find cancer treatment homes. Neoliberal principles have made public health care systems harder to build in middle- and low-income countries, making this a major issue.
Finally, understanding how neoliberalism affects global health can help you understand cancer care and outcome disparities. It emphasises a fair and public health system.
Slide 7
Conclusion and Future Outlook
Current State of Global Cancer Control
- Unprecedented advances in cancer treatment (Soerjomataram and Bray, 2021).
- Persistent inequities in cancer burden, especially in the U.S (Pan American Health Organization, 2023).
- Higher cancer death rates in racial and ethnic minority groups (Koo et al., 2021).
Global Efforts in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
- Focus on reducing incidence, morbidity, and mortality (WHO, 2023).
- Emphasis on evidence-based interventions (WHO, 2023).
- International events like World Cancer Congress and Leaders’ Summit (Pramesh et al., 2022).
Challenges in Different Regions
- Disparities in access to care and treatment outcomes (Kronenfeld et al., 2021).
- Varying impact in low- and middle-income countries (Kronenfeld et al., 2021).
Future Trends and Projections
- Continued growth in cancer cases and deaths (Pramesh et al., 2022).
- Advancements in treatment and early detection (WHO, 2023).
Effectiveness of Global Health Governance
- Importance of political will and national strategies (WHO, 2023).
- Targeted investments and international collaboration (Elshahat et al., 2021).
Recommendations for Improvement
- Strengthening global health policies and governance (Hanahan, 2022).
- Addressing structural inequities and barriers to care (Pilleron et al., 2021).
As the discussion concludes, let us discuss global cancer control. It appears that cancer treatment has improved for some but not all. Comparing racial and ethnic minority cancer death rates in the US to white rates is striking. The unfair cancer burden is a global issue.
Through evidence-based interventions, people across the globe try to minimize the number of cases of cancer, illnesses, and death associated with the disease. Two important events are the World Cancer Congress and the Leaders’ Summit which gather professionals and policymakers to move such projects ahead.
However, complications still continue, especially in the low- and middle-income nation where there are significant disparities in the ability to receive care and the effectiveness with which it is provided. We will definitely see the number of cancer cases and deaths rising in the future, yet we will likely have improved treatment and early detection methods as well.
It is very important how well global health governance fights against cancer. The world needs political will, national strategies, targeted investments, and cooperation between countries to reduce the number of people who get cancer. In order to make sure that we improve cancer control for everyone, regardless of where they live or how much money they earn, we will have to intensify these efforts and address the structural inequities and barriers to care.
Overall, the war against cancer is more of a battle that is universal and requires synchronized efforts and impartiality and convenience of access. Globally, we can then help reduce the number of people getting cancer through our collective effort.
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References
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