Slide 1: Introduction
- Global challenge of ensuring access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities (Herrera, 2019).
- Global Scope: 2.2 billion people lack safely managed drinking water; 3.5 billion lack access to safely managed sanitation (United Nations, 2023).
- Economic Burden: Global loss of $260 billion per year due to inadequate water and sanitation (UNICEF, 2021).
- Social Inequality: Women and children disproportionately affected, impacting education and work opportunities (Kanyangarara et al., 2021).
Speaker Notes
Lack of clean water and basic toilet facilities is a major danger to health around the world. In 2022, the World Health Organisation found that almost six out of ten people around the world had access to safe places for sanitation needs. But, more than 1.5 billion people still don’t have the basic form of sanitation facilities. Inadequate sanitation can cause illnesses such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. Big financial repercussions are also incurred. Water.org says that not having enough water and working with sewage costs around $260 billion every year in the whole world.
Slide 2: The Global Impact of Water and Sanitation on Public Health
- Health Impact: Poor sanitation contributes to over 1.2 million deaths annually, mainly from diarrhoeal diseases (United Nations, 2023).
- Impact on Women: Heavy burden of water collection, impacting health and opportunities (Kayser et al., 2019).
- Children’s Health: 160 million children suffer from stunting and chronic malnutrition linked to lack of safe water and sanitation (Simmons, 2022).
- Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): Key in preventing Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) like trachoma and schistosomiasis (United Nations, 2023).
Speaker Notes
Sanitation and water problems affect everyone’s health all around the world. Each year, more than one million people die from diarrhoea because of poor sanitation and water facilities as per what data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) says. Keeping clean, good sanitation and plenty of water are very important for stopping many illnesses. Diseases known as Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), such as schistosomiasis and trachoma, are included in this category.
That one of the leading causes of death in children is diarrhoea, is another major repercussion. As a way to show how getting better water and sanitation can help, the World Health Organisation says that the number of deaths caused by diarrhoea was cut in half when they followed the Millennium Development Goals. By getting better water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), health improves. There is less pollution and general life is much better.
Slide 3: Social Determinants of Health and Inequalities in Water and Sanitation
- Fundamental Human Right: Access to water and sanitation is essential for dignity, health, and human rights (Robina-Ramírez et al., 2020).
- Health Disparities: Water-borne diseases disproportionately affect developing countries and vulnerable populations (Manetu and Karanja, 2021).
- Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure exacerbates inequalities in water and sanitation access (Aleixo et al., 2019).
- Economic and Geographic Divides: Rural areas and poorer communities face significant challenges in accessing clean water and safe sanitation (Robina-Ramírez et al., 2020).
- Vulnerable Groups: Women, children, and refugees are particularly affected by lack of access to water and sanitation (Simmons, 2022).
Speaker Notes
Clean water and sanitation are seen as basic rights for humans, needed for keeping dignity, health, and rights. But, a lot of people, families and places around the world still have trouble getting these basic needs. Not having access is not only about scarcity, but it is also affected by things like financial resources and the geography. In poor countries, diseases spread through water till date cause a lot of deaths and sickness. These diseases mostly hit the weakest people.
The lack of good infrastructure makes these differences even worse. Rural places and poorer groups usually can’t easily or safely get clean water or use the toilet. This problem gets even worse in times of disaster, where getting clean water is made harder. Children, women, and refugees have some of the biggest problems. Fixing these unfair situations needs dedication to make things better and make sure everyone can get water and use bathrooms fairly.
Slide 4: Structural Factors Influencing Water and Sanitation
- Economic Factors: Industry and agriculture heavily reliant on water, affecting availability and quality (Akhtar et al., 2021).
- Political Aspects: Governance, policies, and investment in infrastructure crucial for water and sanitation management (Di Vaio et al., 2021).
- Environmental Impact: Climate change, pollution, and over-exploitation leading to water scarcity and quality issues (Talat, 2021).
- Social Dynamics: Urbanization, population growth, and socio-economic disparities affect access to water and sanitation (Akhtar et al., 2021).
- Technological Development: Advances in water treatment and sanitation can mitigate scarcity and improve quality (Kayser et al., 2019).
Speaker Notes
Problems with water and sanitation are very connected to many big factors like money, politics, the environment and people in general. Money-wise, the dependency for businesses and farming on water sources is very important. Industries use and often dirty water, changing how much and how good it is for other uses. The connection between water use and factory production shows that we need sustainable ways to use and keep track of water.
In politics, good leadership and policies are important for fair handling of water and sanitation. We need to put money into building things like roads and bridges in order to make sure everyone can use the available water resources and they are good quality. Problems with the environment, like climate change, pollution and using up resources too much make water shortage problems even worse. It shows that we must be gentle with nature so it doesn’t get harmed.
In our world, aspects such as city growth, increased number of people and varying wealth levels or jobs play a significant part in how individuals can obtain water supply systems. In city places, where a fast-growing number of people can make even adequate resources run out quickly, the effect is really strong. Better water cleaning techniques can solve these problems. They can help reduce shortages of water and make it cleaner.
Slide 5: Application of Neoliberalism in Water and Sanitation Management
- Neoliberal Approach: Advocates private sector participation in water and sanitation for efficiency and income generation (Ranganathan, 2020).
- Market Mechanisms: Emphasis on market-based solutions, private ownership, and business-like administration (Ranganathan, 2020).
- Impact on Access: Potential risks to equitable access, with commodification affecting affordability and availability (Di Vaio et al., 2021).
- Human Rights Perspective: Challenges in aligning neoliberal policies with the human rights to water and sanitation (Herrera, 2019).
- Policy Outcomes: Mixed results in improving access and reducing social inequalities in developing countries (Twum and Abubakari, 2020).
Speaker Notes
Neoliberalism emphasises private sector water and sanitation control. It wants better performance and profit. This approach emphasises market regulations, privatisation, and business-like water resource management. Even though a neoliberal access to these vital services may improve efficiency, we worry about fairness. Selling water for profit rather than providing it as a public service causes affordability and accessibility issues.
Making neoliberal policies comply with water and sanitation rights is difficult. Unfortunately, these policies rarely improve the lives of the poor or increase equity. Evidence on reducing inequality and increasing access to water and toilets is mixed, especially in poorer nations.
Slide 6: The Role of Global Health Governance in Water and Sanitation
- Coordination and Integration: UN efforts to integrate and coordinate water-related work (United Nations, 2023).
- Funding and Assistance: Multilateral development banks provide crucial financial support (United Nations, 2023).
- Focusing on Inequality: Addressing disparities in water and sanitation access (Di Vaio et al., 2021).
- Promoting Sustainable Development: Aligning with SDG 6 (Di Vaio et al., 2021).
Speaker Notes
Global health governance includes water and sanitation infrastructure management. The UN is working to improve water use and integrate it with other tasks. This means big development banks will provide crucial cash in growing areas. There are efforts to provide water and toilets to all social classes. These efforts support the Goals for Sustainable Growth by promoting long-term water and sanitation management.
Slide 7: Conclusion
- Current Status: 2.2 billion people lack safely managed drinking water; 3.5 billion without safely managed sanitation (United Nations, 2023).
- Investment Needs: Over $1.37 trillion required globally for water sector; investment must increase six-fold for SDG 6 (World Bank, 2023).
- Climate Change Impact: Exacerbates water scarcity, affecting ecosystems, food security, and electricity access (Stringer et al., 2021).
- Inequalities: Persistent disparities in access between urban and rural areas, and among income groups (Manetu and Karanja, 2021).
- Future Challenges: Escalating demand due to population growth and urbanization; intensified by climate change (Manetu and Karanja, 2021).
- Necessity for Action: Urgent need for increased investment, innovation, and international cooperation (Simmons, 2022).
Speaker Notes
The current state of water and sanitation around the globe is quite dire. About 2.2 billion people don’t have good, safe drinking water and 3.5 billion people don’t have safe toilets. This situation is very important, thinking about the major investment needed in this domain, which is over $1.37 trillion. To get to Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030, which wants clean water and good sanitation for everyone, we must spend much more up to 6 times. This will help make sure that all people have clean water and good places to go to the bathroom by 2030.
Changes in weather significantly impact water supplies, making access more difficult and affecting plants, food production, and electricity, especially in major cities. The issue worsens due to persistent inequalities in water access between urban and rural areas and across different income groups. As the global population grows and cities become more crowded, the demand for water and sanitation solutions will only increase, adding to these challenges.
Addressing these issues requires urgent action, increased investment, innovation, and global collaboration to manage water resources sustainably and equitably. For students exploring these critical issues in their studies, healthcare assignment help can provide valuable insights into the intersection of public health, sanitation, and policy-making. The future of clean water and sanitation depends on collective efforts to develop sustainable solutions.
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References
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